This summer you took your chances if you visited the Caribbean. If you were bitten by a mosquito carrying a disease called chikungunya, you could be very sick for 7 to 10 days with fever and severe joint pain. And that is exactly what happened to nearly 600 people, who then carried the disease back to the U.S. with them. Nearly every state has reported cases from travelers, with the most in Florida, New York, and New Jersey.
And now there are mosquitoes in Florida who carry the disease, and they're waiting to infect more Floridians. It's just a matter of time before chikungunya travels to more states, because parts of the U.S. have the right type of mosquitoes for that task.
Health officials are worried about this disease for a few reasons. Most people recover, that's true. But it can cause a crippling arthritis that persists for months, says Roger Nasci, Ph.D., chief of the arboviral diseases branch in the division of vector-borne diseases at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Also, unlike West Nile virus, where about 1 in 5 of the people who gets infected gets sick, about three-quarters of the people who get infected with chikungunya develop symptoms, he says.
Add to that the fact that the insects that carry the disease in the U.S., the Asian tiger mosquito and the yellow fever mosquito, bite during the day as well as at dawn and dusk.
Learn the best way to stop bug bites and limit your risk from chemicals. And find out how to control other backyard insects, including ticks and stinging insects.
But help may be on the way, eventually. There are currently no licensed vaccines for chikungunya virus, but a study published today in The Lancet says one shows promise. A trial involving 25 healthy volunteers age 18 to 50 showed that even the lowest doses of the vaccine were effective and only a few people reported mild to moderate side effects.
The next stage would be for a much larger trial to be done. Because the cost of developing a vaccine like this is estimated to be $200 million to $500 million, it's not certain whether it will become an option for consumers in the near future. But it should be encouraged, especially if chikungunya becomes a major health threat, says Ann Powers, Ph.D., of the CDC.
Meanwhile, what can you do to protect yourself? Consumer Reports recommends taking these steps:
- Stop mosquitoes from breeding in the first place. Because they are drawn to murky water, keep your yard free of containers filled with water, such as gutters, birdbaths, tires, wheelbarrows, wading pools, and swimming pool covers. Clear away ivy and decaying leaves, because mosquitoes like cool, dark places.
- To discourage bites, use LED or yellow light bulbs on your porch and around your house, and plug in a fan when on your deck. Citronella, in candles or in the oil in tiki torches, is a mild repellent.
- When you’re outside, cover up. Wear long sleeves, long pants, socks, and closed-toe shoes. Avoid tight clothes (mosquitoes can bite through them), dark colors, and perfume or aftershave (both attract them). You can purchase clothes treated with the repellent permethrin, or spray it on your clothes (but never on your skin). Manufacturers say that one application lasts several weeks, but our tests of treated clothing a few years ago found that permethrin didn’t work well.
- Try a plant-based insect repellent. Examples include Repel Lemon Eucalyptus (which has a synthetic version of a naturally occurring chemical) and Natrapel or other products that contain 20 percent picaridin (a chemical similar to a compound in black pepper). In our 2010 tests, both worked for at least 7 hours. The risk of side effects for both is low, but the national Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says not to use the Repel product on kids younger than 3.
- When you use deet, keep levels low. Our experts recommend using no more than 30 percent deet, ever. If you’re, say, on an overnight camping trip and need long-term bug protection, reapply a product with 15 percent deet (such as Off FamilyCare Smooth & Dry spray) and use it sparingly. Each application will protect you from mosquito bites for at least 8 hours.
If you do get a mosquito bite, use cool compresses and an over-the-counter steroid cream, such as hydrocortisone (Cortizone-10 and generic), to ease itching. Applying calamine lotion or dabbing on undiluted white vinegar might also help, says Marvin M. Lipman, M.D., Consumer Reports’ chief medical adviser. See a doctor if you develop a fever, a headache, body aches, nausea, vomiting, swollen lymph glands, or a rash on your torso.
—Sue Byrne
Why is it called chikungunya?
This mosquito-borne disease (pronounced chik-en-gun-ye) was first identified in what is now Tanzania in 1952 following an outbreak in a Swahili village. The name comes from the regional word used to describe the symptoms, meaning "that which bends up" or "walking bent over," referring to the stooped posture of the patients.
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